Yes, seriously.
(And I am looking forward to the stories on ESPN and other venues.)
I got the news from Greg Fricke's post:
BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN! BEAVERS WIN!
After 586 (est, including 83 I played in) straight losses in SCIAC, dating back to 1988:
Caltech Beavers DEFEAT Pomona-Pitzer 4-3 on WALKOFF single.
No one on this team had yet been born the last time Caltech registered a SCIAC win in baseball.
1988... such a magical year for baseball...
Update: And here are some details: Caltech baseball has just won its first SCIAC game since 1988! Trailing 3-2 headed to the 9th inning, the Beavers got a two-out single from David Watson, who was replaced on the base paths by Schaffer Reed. Senior Kai Kirk then smacked a double to left center to tie the game, bringing freshman Alex Corado came up to bat. The rookie got ahead 3-0 before facing a full count and slashed a single to left field to plate the historic walk-off run.
Update: Also take a look at the video and the ensuing victory celebration.
Update (4/01/17): This is not an April Fool's Day joke. (I know it sounds like one.)
My name is Mason Porter. I am a Professor in the Department of Mathematics at UCLA. Previously I was Professor of Nonlinear and Complex Systems in the Mathematical Institute at University of Oxford. I was also a Tutorial Fellow of Somerville College.
Friday, March 31, 2017
Thursday, March 30, 2017
April Fooling Around: 2017
Here's an April Fool's Day paper on the arXiv. The title of the paper is: A Neural Networks Approach to Predicting How Things Might Have Turned Out Had I Mustered the Nerve to Ask Barry Cottonfield to the Junior Prom Back in 1997
(The arXiv doesn't have 1 April as a mailing day this year, so we get it early.)
The last sentence of the abstract is amusing: "Over-training is also discussed, although the linear algebra teacher assures us that in Barry’s case this is not possible."
As things catch my eye, I will post links to more April Fool's Day shenanigans.
Here are various past posts related to April Fool's Day (and a couple of other posts that show up in the search but aren't particularly related).
Update: Here is another joke arXiv paper. It is called: Schrodinger's Cat and World History: The Many Worlds Interpretation of Alternative Facts
Update: This article seems to purposely be dated April 1st, but it has a rather different flavor from the other two.
Update: According to an April 1st article in The Guardian, former British chancellor (more formally, "Chancellor of the Exchequer") George Osborne has become a fashion designer. (Tip of the cap to Dominic Vella.)
Update (4/01/17) Here is a screenshot of my April Fool's Day prank of 2006, for which I was able to convince a member of Caltech's public-relations department to post my article (actual fake news, which of course is an April 1st tradition) on the Caltech web page and include a link to it in an e-mail circular.
Update (4/01/17): Cherwell, a student publication from University of Oxford, published an interesting story about possible cancellation of the Cancer Research UK Boat Races. Here is another one from Cherwell.
Update (4/01/17): There's also the matter of the Spaced X rocket launch out of Santa Monica, California. (Tip of the cap to Andrea Bertozzi.)
Update (4/01/17): In other news, an ancient particle accelerator was discovered on Mars. (Tip of the cap to Jean Bellissard.)
Update (4/01/17): George Takei played an amusing prank.
Update (4/01/17): Also, the American Physical Society is launching a new journal called Physical Review Tweets. Awesome!
Update (4/02/17): Google remixed an old (but awesome) prank by letting people play Ms. Pac-Man on Google Maps. (Tip of the cap to Myah Evers.) Google also played a few other pranks.
Update (4/02/17): And here are various other pranks that you may have encountered yesterday.
Update (4/08/17): Well, the Reddit prank appears to have resulted in a rather interesting example of self-organization (and of astounding art, with some "This is why we can't have nice things." thrown in). (Tip of the cap to Kevin Hickerson, Maria Satterwhite, and others.)
(The arXiv doesn't have 1 April as a mailing day this year, so we get it early.)
The last sentence of the abstract is amusing: "Over-training is also discussed, although the linear algebra teacher assures us that in Barry’s case this is not possible."
As things catch my eye, I will post links to more April Fool's Day shenanigans.
Here are various past posts related to April Fool's Day (and a couple of other posts that show up in the search but aren't particularly related).
Update: Here is another joke arXiv paper. It is called: Schrodinger's Cat and World History: The Many Worlds Interpretation of Alternative Facts
Update: This article seems to purposely be dated April 1st, but it has a rather different flavor from the other two.
Update: According to an April 1st article in The Guardian, former British chancellor (more formally, "Chancellor of the Exchequer") George Osborne has become a fashion designer. (Tip of the cap to Dominic Vella.)
Update (4/01/17) Here is a screenshot of my April Fool's Day prank of 2006, for which I was able to convince a member of Caltech's public-relations department to post my article (actual fake news, which of course is an April 1st tradition) on the Caltech web page and include a link to it in an e-mail circular.
Update (4/01/17): Cherwell, a student publication from University of Oxford, published an interesting story about possible cancellation of the Cancer Research UK Boat Races. Here is another one from Cherwell.
Update (4/01/17): There's also the matter of the Spaced X rocket launch out of Santa Monica, California. (Tip of the cap to Andrea Bertozzi.)
Update (4/01/17): In other news, an ancient particle accelerator was discovered on Mars. (Tip of the cap to Jean Bellissard.)
Update (4/01/17): George Takei played an amusing prank.
Update (4/01/17): Also, the American Physical Society is launching a new journal called Physical Review Tweets. Awesome!
Update (4/02/17): Google remixed an old (but awesome) prank by letting people play Ms. Pac-Man on Google Maps. (Tip of the cap to Myah Evers.) Google also played a few other pranks.
Update (4/02/17): And here are various other pranks that you may have encountered yesterday.
Update (4/08/17): Well, the Reddit prank appears to have resulted in a rather interesting example of self-organization (and of astounding art, with some "This is why we can't have nice things." thrown in). (Tip of the cap to Kevin Hickerson, Maria Satterwhite, and others.)
Wednesday, March 29, 2017
The Quotable Mark Twain
As I am in Missouri for the first time, I think it's appropriate that I offer up some quotes from Mark Twain, a purveyor of snark from days gone by.
Here's a nice (and topical) one to start us off: "Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as much as you please."
Update (3/30/17): Here is another, of many, great quotes that you can find on the above page: "Whenever you find that you are on the side of the majority, it is time to reform."
Here's a nice (and topical) one to start us off: "Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as much as you please."
Update (3/30/17): Here is another, of many, great quotes that you can find on the above page: "Whenever you find that you are on the side of the majority, it is time to reform."
Fake News from Moose & Squirrel
This cartoon from The New Yorker also alludes to the characters Boris and Natasha. They were the adversaries in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show.
I recently saw this awesome license plate that does so as well.
I really enjoy alluding to the characters Boris and Natasha. I did that recently in my winning entry in a caption content, and I did it in 2006 in an Aprils Fool's Day prank.
I recently saw this awesome license plate that does so as well.
I really enjoy alluding to the characters Boris and Natasha. I did that recently in my winning entry in a caption content, and I did it in 2006 in an Aprils Fool's Day prank.
What Happens in St. Louis Stays in St. Louis
I am heading off to St. Louis to give a talk in the physics department at Washington University (WUSTL).
This is my first ever trip to Missouri.
A little while ago, after I went through the x-ray machine, the TSA agents wanted to check my hair to make sure I wasn't hiding something in there. (This happens a couple of times every year.)
This is my first ever trip to Missouri.
A little while ago, after I went through the x-ray machine, the TSA agents wanted to check my hair to make sure I wasn't hiding something in there. (This happens a couple of times every year.)
Monday, March 27, 2017
A Random Walk Through Public Broadcasting
A few days ago, PBS posted a video introducing random walks to a public audience! Sweet!
Update: This is an episode of a mathematics show called "Infinite Series". The above episode refers to an episode about Markov chains. Take a look at their YouTube channel and Twitter feed.
Update: This is an episode of a mathematics show called "Infinite Series". The above episode refers to an episode about Markov chains. Take a look at their YouTube channel and Twitter feed.
Saturday, March 25, 2017
"Eigenvector-Based Centrality Measures for Temporal Networks"
One of my papers came out in final published form yesterday. Here are the details.
Title: Eigenvector-Based Centrality Measures for Temporal Networks
Authors: Dane Taylor, Sean A. Myers, Aaron Clauset, Mason A. Porter, and Peter J. Mucha
Abstract: Numerous centrality measures have been developed to quantify the importances of nodes in time-independent networks, and many of them can be expressed as the leading eigenvector of some matrix. With the increasing availability of network data that changes in time, it is important to extend such eigenvector-based centrality measures to time-dependent networks. In this paper, we introduce a principled generalization of network centrality measures that is valid for any eigenvector-based centrality. We consider a temporal network with N nodes as a sequence of T layers that describe the network during diff erent time windows, and we couple centrality matrices for the layers into a supracentrality matrix of size NT x NT whose dominant eigenvector gives the centrality of each node i at each time t. We refer to this eigenvector and its components as a joint centrality, as it reflects the importances of both the node i and the time layer t. We also introduce the concepts of marginal and conditional centralities, which facilitate the study of centrality trajectories over time. We find that the strength of coupling between layers is important for determining multiscale properties of centrality, such as localization phenomena and the time scale of centrality changes. In the strong-coupling regime, we derive expressions for time-averaged centralities, which are given by the zeroth-order terms of a singular perturbation expansion. We also study first-order terms to obtain fi rst-order-mover scores, which concisely describe the magnitude of the nodes' centrality changes over time. As examples, we apply our method to three empirical temporal networks: the United States Ph.D. exchange in mathematics, costarring relationships among top-billed actors during the Golden Age of Hollywood, and citations of decisions from the United States Supreme Court.
Title: Eigenvector-Based Centrality Measures for Temporal Networks
Authors: Dane Taylor, Sean A. Myers, Aaron Clauset, Mason A. Porter, and Peter J. Mucha
Abstract: Numerous centrality measures have been developed to quantify the importances of nodes in time-independent networks, and many of them can be expressed as the leading eigenvector of some matrix. With the increasing availability of network data that changes in time, it is important to extend such eigenvector-based centrality measures to time-dependent networks. In this paper, we introduce a principled generalization of network centrality measures that is valid for any eigenvector-based centrality. We consider a temporal network with N nodes as a sequence of T layers that describe the network during diff erent time windows, and we couple centrality matrices for the layers into a supracentrality matrix of size NT x NT whose dominant eigenvector gives the centrality of each node i at each time t. We refer to this eigenvector and its components as a joint centrality, as it reflects the importances of both the node i and the time layer t. We also introduce the concepts of marginal and conditional centralities, which facilitate the study of centrality trajectories over time. We find that the strength of coupling between layers is important for determining multiscale properties of centrality, such as localization phenomena and the time scale of centrality changes. In the strong-coupling regime, we derive expressions for time-averaged centralities, which are given by the zeroth-order terms of a singular perturbation expansion. We also study first-order terms to obtain fi rst-order-mover scores, which concisely describe the magnitude of the nodes' centrality changes over time. As examples, we apply our method to three empirical temporal networks: the United States Ph.D. exchange in mathematics, costarring relationships among top-billed actors during the Golden Age of Hollywood, and citations of decisions from the United States Supreme Court.
Fermat's View of Twitter
"I have discovered a truly remarkable proof of this theorem which a Twitter post is too small to contain."
— Mason Porter (@masonporter) March 25, 2017
In retrospect, I should have written "this tweet" instead of "a Twitter post" to make the parallel even stronger.
Thursday, March 23, 2017
GOP: Dungeons and Dragons Edition
The D & D themed trolling of the Republicans is hilarious. I am highly amused.
(Tip of the cap to Rachael Rosenthal.)
Update (3/27/17): This article in The Washington Post includes several more spectacular examples of GOP D & D. By the way, the hashtag is #GOPDnD. (Tip of the cap to Mohi Kumar for this article.)
(Tip of the cap to Rachael Rosenthal.)
Update (3/27/17): This article in The Washington Post includes several more spectacular examples of GOP D & D. By the way, the hashtag is #GOPDnD. (Tip of the cap to Mohi Kumar for this article.)
"The Multilayer Nature of Ecological Networks"
Our perspective paper on multilayer networks in ecology is out in final form today! Here are the details.
Title: The Multilayer Nature of Ecological Networks
Authors: Shai Pilosof, Mason A. Porter, Mercedes Pascual, and Sonia Kéfi
Abstract: Although networks provide a powerful approach to study a large variety of ecological systems, their formulation does not typically account for multiple interaction types, interactions that vary in space and time, and interconnected systems such as networks of networks. The emergent field of ‘multilayer networks’ provides a natural framework for extending analyses of ecological systems to include such multiple layers of complexity, as it specifically allows one to differentiate and model 'intralayer' and 'interlayer' connectivity. The framework provides a set of concepts and tools that can be adapted and applied to ecology, facilitating research on high-dimensional, heterogeneous systems in nature. Here, we formally define ecological multilayer networks based on a review of previous, related approaches; illustrate their application and potential with analyses of existing data; and discuss limitations, challenges, and future applications. The integration of multilayer network theory into ecology offers largely untapped potential to investigate ecological complexity and provide new theoretical and empirical insights into the architecture and dynamics of ecological systems.
Title: The Multilayer Nature of Ecological Networks
Authors: Shai Pilosof, Mason A. Porter, Mercedes Pascual, and Sonia Kéfi
Abstract: Although networks provide a powerful approach to study a large variety of ecological systems, their formulation does not typically account for multiple interaction types, interactions that vary in space and time, and interconnected systems such as networks of networks. The emergent field of ‘multilayer networks’ provides a natural framework for extending analyses of ecological systems to include such multiple layers of complexity, as it specifically allows one to differentiate and model 'intralayer' and 'interlayer' connectivity. The framework provides a set of concepts and tools that can be adapted and applied to ecology, facilitating research on high-dimensional, heterogeneous systems in nature. Here, we formally define ecological multilayer networks based on a review of previous, related approaches; illustrate their application and potential with analyses of existing data; and discuss limitations, challenges, and future applications. The integration of multilayer network theory into ecology offers largely untapped potential to investigate ecological complexity and provide new theoretical and empirical insights into the architecture and dynamics of ecological systems.
Wednesday, March 22, 2017
An Evans Function: A Wronskian on Crack
Definition: An Evans function is a Wronskian on crack.
I'm pretty sure that this is the official definition that you'll find in many mathematics books.
In case you're interested in these objects, see Todd Kapitula's primer. And here is a new article by Chris Jones that reminded me of the above definition.
Actually, I'm pretty sure I once heard someone — maybe even Chris? — joking call an Evans function "a Wronskian on steroids" during a seminar. I remember thinking that 'on steroids' probably wasn't doing justice to the function.
I'm pretty sure that this is the official definition that you'll find in many mathematics books.
In case you're interested in these objects, see Todd Kapitula's primer. And here is a new article by Chris Jones that reminded me of the above definition.
Actually, I'm pretty sure I once heard someone — maybe even Chris? — joking call an Evans function "a Wronskian on steroids" during a seminar. I remember thinking that 'on steroids' probably wasn't doing justice to the function.
An "Unsung" Collection of Songs
I love how words evolve: a collection of things that literally are sung are now "unsung" masterpieces, and it makes perfect sense.
Oh, what the bards of yore have wrought.
Oh, what the bards of yore have wrought.
Tuesday, March 21, 2017
Yves Meyer Wins 2017 Abel Prize!
Yves Meyer has won the 2017 Abel Prize for his work on the theory of wavelets. Here is an article in Nature about it.
I am puzzled as to why Ingrid Daubechies didn't share this prize.
Update: Terry Tao has written a short blog post about the prize. Among other things (and I hadn't caught this), note the following text from Tao: Daubechies also made extremely important contributions to the theory of wavelets, but my understanding is that due to a conflict of interest arising from Daubechies’ presidency of the International Mathematical Union (which nominates members of the Abel prize committee) from 2011 to 2014, she was not eligible for the prize this year, and so I do not think this prize should be necessarily construed as a judgement on the relative contributions of Meyer and Daubechies to this field.
I am puzzled as to why Ingrid Daubechies didn't share this prize.
Update: Terry Tao has written a short blog post about the prize. Among other things (and I hadn't caught this), note the following text from Tao: Daubechies also made extremely important contributions to the theory of wavelets, but my understanding is that due to a conflict of interest arising from Daubechies’ presidency of the International Mathematical Union (which nominates members of the Abel prize committee) from 2011 to 2014, she was not eligible for the prize this year, and so I do not think this prize should be necessarily construed as a judgement on the relative contributions of Meyer and Daubechies to this field.
Wednesday, March 15, 2017
Oxford Comma: The Revenge
And, sometimes, the lack of an Oxford comma might determine the outcome of a court case.
Also see previous blog entries of mine, such as this one, this one, and this one.
Vindication is mine!
(Tip of the cap to Jaideep Taggart Singh.)
Update: Aaron Clements pointed me to this Washington Post article.
Also see previous blog entries of mine, such as this one, this one, and this one.
Vindication is mine!
(Tip of the cap to Jaideep Taggart Singh.)
Update: Aaron Clements pointed me to this Washington Post article.
The Tensor: A Reboot of The Matrix
I assume that the reboot of The Matrix will be called "The Tensor".
Also see my Facebook post about this for witty repartee, other suggested names, and possible prequels (e.g., "The Vector").
(Tip of the cap to Sammy Kline for the information about the reboot.)
Also see my Facebook post about this for witty repartee, other suggested names, and possible prequels (e.g., "The Vector").
(Tip of the cap to Sammy Kline for the information about the reboot.)
We Studied Network Structure, and Then the Murders Began
This article on The Daily Dot suggests adding the phrase "and then the murders began" to the first sentence of the book that one is reading. This can change the tone of the book in very amusing ways.
As a twist on this, I decided to look at the first sentence of the preface of one of my books. This yields the following sentence: "Traditionally, much of the study of networks has focused on structural features, and then the murders began."
Unfortunately, the tense of the sentence hurts things, so I am going to change one letter ("s" to "d" in the word "has") to produce the following sentence: "Traditionally, much of the study of networks had focused on structural features, and then the murders began."
Much better! (And highly amusing.)
(Tip of the cap to Keith Fraser.)
As a twist on this, I decided to look at the first sentence of the preface of one of my books. This yields the following sentence: "Traditionally, much of the study of networks has focused on structural features, and then the murders began."
Unfortunately, the tense of the sentence hurts things, so I am going to change one letter ("s" to "d" in the word "has") to produce the following sentence: "Traditionally, much of the study of networks had focused on structural features, and then the murders began."
Much better! (And highly amusing.)
(Tip of the cap to Keith Fraser.)
"Best-Tasting Colors"
I don't completely agree with the new XKCD, but there is some truth here.
I would move "cherry" way over to the right.
I did recently have an experience with eating a pink Starburst and expecting strawberry but getting watermelon instead. It was unpleasant.
Even more unpleasant are past experiences of eating red with the hope that it's cherry but then getting cinnamon instead.
Yuck.
I would move "cherry" way over to the right.
I did recently have an experience with eating a pink Starburst and expecting strawberry but getting watermelon instead. It was unpleasant.
Even more unpleasant are past experiences of eating red with the hope that it's cherry but then getting cinnamon instead.
Yuck.
Tuesday, March 14, 2017
Happy Pi Day!
Today is, of course, Pi Day. And I love how the Colorado Rockies celebrated it today!
(Tip of the cap to Jeremy Stell.)
Update (3/19/17): I forgot to mention that I found out a few days ago that there was some Photoshopping in the above picture. It's still very cool, though not quite as cool as before.
(Tip of the cap to Jeremy Stell.)
Update (3/19/17): I forgot to mention that I found out a few days ago that there was some Photoshopping in the above picture. It's still very cool, though not quite as cool as before.
Sonyalytic Acquired by Spotify
OK, but what does that have to do with me?
Well, Martin Gould is CEO of Sonalytic, which was just acquired by Spotify! Very well done!
Well, Martin Gould is CEO of Sonalytic, which was just acquired by Spotify! Very well done!
Saturday, March 11, 2017
"Artistic Expressions of Math Over Seven Centuries"
My favorite picture in this article (in Hyperallergic) by Allison Meier is "Garden of Mathematical Sciences". So sweet!
This article, which has lots of great pictures of mathematical art, is a review of the exhibit Picturing Math at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
(Tip of the cap to James Tanton.)
This article, which has lots of great pictures of mathematical art, is a review of the exhibit Picturing Math at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
(Tip of the cap to James Tanton.)
Thursday, March 09, 2017
What Happens in Houston Stays in Houston
Today I am flying out to Houston to give the mathematics colloquium tomorrow at University of Houston, Downtown.
Wednesday, March 08, 2017
Reminder: You Should be Reading the @RoguePOTUSStaff Twitter Feed
Just as a reminder, you should definitely be reading the @RoguePOTUSStaff Twitter feed, which appears to be legit. It is also hilarious and gives fascinating insights as to what is going on in The White House days. For example, consider the following gem from today:
Wow. Amazing.
Here is an older blog entry about the rogue government Twitter accounts.
Spicer: "I wish he'd have an affair. That'd be better than defending the stupid s*** he says in Twitter."
— Rogue POTUS Staff (@RoguePOTUSStaff) March 8, 2017
Wow. Amazing.
Here is an older blog entry about the rogue government Twitter accounts.
Tuesday, March 07, 2017
'E' is for Erdmann
Entry 'E' in the A-to-Z series on women mathematicians in the Life Through a Mathematician's Eyes tumblr is my Somerville College colleague Karin Erdmann.
It should say "specializes" (present tense), by the way, as Karin is still research-active, even though she's retired. In fact, no doubt, she is now more active in her research, as that is how it often works.
As I write this, the tumblr has gotten up to 'M' so far, and there are many great mathematicians profiled (including, thankfully, people besides the same ones that often show up over and over again in such lists).
(Tip of the cap to Association for Women in Mathematics.)
It should say "specializes" (present tense), by the way, as Karin is still research-active, even though she's retired. In fact, no doubt, she is now more active in her research, as that is how it often works.
As I write this, the tumblr has gotten up to 'M' so far, and there are many great mathematicians profiled (including, thankfully, people besides the same ones that often show up over and over again in such lists).
(Tip of the cap to Association for Women in Mathematics.)
Monday, March 06, 2017
The World in Miniature
The World in Miniature is an amazing collection of art that puts a really nice perspective on ordinary real-world object. So cool!
(Tip of the cap to Yves van Gennip.)
(Tip of the cap to Yves van Gennip.)
Sunday, March 05, 2017
Putin's Daughters and Oxford Commas
This tweet gives me a convenient opportunity to remind you of the importance of Oxford commas. I like the alternative interpretation, though!
6/ When @LouiseMensch reported on the FISA tap, she included details that implicated Putin's own daughters, Carter Page and Paul Manafort. pic.twitter.com/TgeO9x1NvC
— Justin Hendrix (@justinhendrix) March 4, 2017
Saturday, March 04, 2017
A Hierarchy of Types of Disagreement
I really like this pyramidal visualization of types of disagreement!
Grahams Hierarchy of Disagreement is like a Bloom's Taxonomy of Calling Bullshit.https://t.co/9ZpZ8bsxBD pic.twitter.com/xZIe75Bnub
— Calling Bullshit (@callin_bull) March 4, 2017
Thursday, March 02, 2017
Grilling a Lawmaker About his Degrees
Once again, truth is stranger than fiction. Check out this story.
In his tweet, Carl Bergstrom links to a Boing Boing article, but the article to which it links gives a clearer explanation.
It's not quite as surreal as a National Park Service Twitter account going rogue (initially by simply tweeting basic facts about climate science), but it's still odd.
After proposing party affiliation quotas for faculty, lawmaker grilled about business degree from Sizzler Steakhouse https://t.co/9ycYTISAm1
— Carl T. Bergstrom (@CT_Bergstrom) March 3, 2017
In his tweet, Carl Bergstrom links to a Boing Boing article, but the article to which it links gives a clearer explanation.
It's not quite as surreal as a National Park Service Twitter account going rogue (initially by simply tweeting basic facts about climate science), but it's still odd.
RIP Eugene Garfield (1925–2017)
Eugene Garfield, one of the founders of bibliometrics and scientometrics, died a few days ago.
Garfield contributed a lot to the study of scientific productivity and output, and for better or for worse (often for worse), he gave us the impact factor (which of course has led to many variants).
Garfield contributed a lot to the study of scientific productivity and output, and for better or for worse (often for worse), he gave us the impact factor (which of course has led to many variants).
Wednesday, March 01, 2017
Science has no Borders
As demonstrated at my undergraduate alma mater Caltech today, science has no borders.